International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology

Physical Exercise and Yoga are Must in a Standard Protocol for Integrated Management of Diabetes Mellitus

2025-11-04T05:46:58+00:00

Physical activity encompasses all forms of movement that increase energy expenditure, whereas physical exercise refers to planned and structured physical activity.^[1] Physical exercise improves blood glucose control in individuals with type 2 diabetes, reduces cardiovascular risk factors, supports weight management, and enhances overall well-being. Regular physical activity may also prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. However, the challenges of managing blood glucose during physical exercise vary depending on diabetes type, type of activity, and the presence of diabetes-related complications. Therefore, exercise recommendations should be tailored to the specific needs of each individual. Read More....

Effect of Oral Vitamin C Supplementation on Serum Interleukin 6, Hepcidin and Iron Status in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

2025-11-04T09:07:37+00:00

Background and Aim: Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) with Metabolic Syndrome (Mets) is a chronic inflammatory state with an increased expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6). Iron regulatory peptide hepcidin secretion is also increased as IL-6 causes hepcidin secretion, leading to iron dysregulation. Vitamin C (L ascorbic acid) has potential effects in alleviating the inflammatory status. This study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum interleukin 6 (IL-6), hepcidin, and iron status in T2DM patients with Mets. Methods: Total 76 patients with the age between 40-60 years according to Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III were selected and randomly assigned to supplement (vitamin C or placebo) groups using block randomization. Before and after 8-week supplementation of 250 mg vitamin C/placebo tablets for two times per day, serum Iron status, IL-6 and hepcidin levels were measured, using the colorimetric and the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: In both groups, serum IL-6 level was significantly increased, ferritin level was significantly decreased after supplementation while changes in hepcidin levels were not statistically significant. Moreover, percent changes of all variables were not significantly different between groups. Conclusion: Vitamin C 250 mg two times per day for 8-week supplementation with could not provide beneficial effect to explore the anti-inflammatory effect in T2DM patients with metabolic syndrome.

Electrical Activity of the Brain in Children with Developmental Delay: A Preliminary Study

2025-11-04T07:08:09+00:00

Background and Aim: Developmental disorders are often irreversible and debilitating for a child. Hypoxic ischemic insult during perinatal period is an important cause of global/ focal developmental delay in children and may trigger epileptogenesis. Thus, it is crucial to explore electrical activity of the brain in patients with developmental delay and identify early electrophysiological correlates that could be used as potential signatures for its diagnosis/ prognosis. The objectives of this study were to explore electrical activity of the brain in children with developmental delay, to assess occurrence of seizures in these children and to find predominant type of seizure pattern. Methods: In this study, 70 referred cases from the Pediatrics Department of AIIMS, Rishikesh with a history of global/specific developmental delay underwent video-EEG (Nicolet) for 30-45 min to assess electrical activity of the brain and presence of any abnormal discharge. Along with EEG, a brief clinical history including symptomatology was also obtained. Results: 69 out of 70 referred cases showed EEG changes. 16 had focal seizures (1 focal, 15 focal with secondary generalization), 40 generalized presentations (none had absence seizures), 3 abnormal patterns, 10 had hysparrhythmia and only 1 had a normal pattern on EEG. Attenuation of waves/ background suppression was also observed in 12 out of 70 (17.14%) patients. This pattern was found predominantly in peripheral electrodes such as parietal and temporal. Conclusion: EEG could be a useful electrophysiological tool to evaluate cases of developmental delay. Not only can it diagnose subclinical inter-ictal seizures in such cases, EEG signatures such as suppression pattern may be useful biomarkers to assess severity or for prognostic purposes. It would be worthwhile to understand the mechanisms why certain areas of the brain could be more sensitive to developmental defects due hypoxia or other etiologies. The functional deficits corresponding to these areas could be further explored.

Nicotine Dependence Level among Adult Male Smokers Living in North Okkalapa Township, Yangon, Myanmar

2025-11-04T07:17:01+00:00

Background and Aim: This study determined nicotine dependence level among adult male smokers living in North Okkalapa Township, Yangon, Myanmar and association between socio-demographic characteristics and smoking status. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in adult male subjects (n=450) with the age between 18 and 40 years using multistage sampling method. These recruited participants were categorized into smokers and non-smokers according to their smoking history. Each smoker was interviewed by using standardized Myanmar version of Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) to assess nicotine dependence level. Moreover, sociodemographic information, including age, marital status, and level of education (primary school, secondary school, high school and university), and occupational information (elementary class, middle class and high class) were collected using a self-designed questionnaire. Results: Among 450 adult male subjects, 264 (58.7%) were non-smokers, whereas 186 (41.3%) were smokers. Mean level of FTND score of smokers was 3.80±2.6. It was shown 33.3% for very low dependence, 22.0% for low dependence, 12.9% for moderate, 25.3% for high dependence as well as 6.5% for very high dependence. It had observed that nicotine dependence was significantly associated with marital status, level of education, pack year, age at smoking initiation and occupational status. Conclusion: Our results revealed some sociodemographic factors affecting nicotine dependence and showed that nicotine dependence is high in Myanmar's population. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and public health strategies to address nicotine dependence in Myanmar.

National Workshop-CME on Autonomic Function Tests Improved Knowledge, Skills and Aptitude for Investigation, Research and Training in Autonomic Functions and Dysfunctions among Physiology Faculty of India

2025-11-04T05:47:01+00:00

Background and Aim: A one-day National Continuing Medical Education (CME) program and workshop, titled ‘Prima Autonomica,’ focused on Autonomic Function Tests (AFTs), was held on March 8, 2025. Organized by the Department of Physiology at MOSC Medical College, Kolenchery, Kerala, India, the initiative aimed to update participants' knowledge and facilitate their acquisition of techniques for administering and interpreting AFTs, guided by leading physiologists with specialized expertise in AFT clinics. Methods: The program comprised six insightful talks delivered in the forenoon by five distinguished speakers, exploring topics ranging from foundational concepts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) to advanced techniques for assessing autonomic functions. Key areas included the significance and clinical relevance of AFTs, underlying physiological control mechanisms, blood pressure variability, baroreceptor sensitivity, and heart rate variability (HRV). The afternoon session was dedicated to hands-on demonstrations and the interpretation of various AFTs, alongside HRV acquisition and analysis. Results: A total of 310 participants (144 onsite and 166 online) from approximately 60 medical colleges across India attended. The majority were postgraduate students and physiologists. Feedback analysis showed that 60.3% rated the CME and workshop as excellent, while 36.8% rated them very good. Conclusion: All sessions of the immersive one-day program were positively received, and video recordings were distributed to all participants via email. The event received excellent feedback. It effectively raised awareness among undergraduate and postgraduate students, disseminated best practices among faculty, enhanced educational networking between participants and speakers, and helped delineate future strategies for continued skill development.

Screen Time and its Association with Sleep and Immunity among Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross- Sectional Study

2025-11-04T05:47:02+00:00

Background and Aim: With advancing technology, screen-based activities have evolved globally, leading to excessive usage and addictions that can disrupt sleep and impair immunity. The Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) serves as a biomarker for inflammation and stress, indicating the balance between innate and adaptive immunity. So, we attempted to study the relationship between Screen Time (ST) sleep and NLR among undergraduate students at a central Medical Institute. Methods: A questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students for 1 year using the Self-reported HELENA Scale and Android App Tracker for ST, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for Sleep quality assessments and immunity status was assessed by NLR estimation. Collected Data was entered in SPSS V.26 and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 126 participants responded, out of which 100 (61 females, 39 males) were included after screening. ST >4 hr/day among 80% participants, higher in females (51 F, 29 M); 11% had ST of 2-4hrs/day and 9% had <2hrs/ day. Sleep quality score showed moderate daytime sleepiness in 19% (12F, 7M) while 58% (35F, 23M) had excessive sleepiness, indicating poor sleep in these participants. Normal NLR (0.78-3.58) was seen in 90% participants while the remaining 10% (8F, 2M) had elevated NLR (>3.58). Screen time was positively and significantly associated with ESS and NLR having r-values of 0.110 and 0.965, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: We conclude that increased screen time affects the sleep quality adversely, resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness and decreased immunity among participants.

Effect of Ijin Granules on Nausea and Vomiting Symptoms in Pregnant Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum

2025-11-04T05:47:03+00:00

Background and Aim: Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG) is a common early pregnancy syndrome that usually occurs around 4 to 5 weeks of gestation, which is initiated with sour throw-up from the empty stomach in the morning, disgusting to smell, change of appetite and exacerbated with severe nausea, frequent vomiting and inability to eat, which gives side effects on quality of life and health of the pregnant woman. Generally, GH causes malnuturition and dehydration, if it is not treated in time, some complications such as Wernick’s encephalopathy and low-weight neonate birth can be caused. Now antiemetics involving antihistamine, phenothiazine, Vitamin B6, metoclopramide and ondansetrone are used for HG and steroids are recommended for the last choice but they are limited in use from the fear that chemical medicine is a risk to pregnancy. To identify the effectiveness of traditional medicine, Ijin Granules on PUQE score and the change of intake in pregnant women with hyperemesis granvidarum who complaints of severe nausea and vomiting. Methods: Between Jaunary 2024 and December 2024, 60 cases of HG were enrolled in the study at Pyongyang Maternity Hospital, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The patients were randomly divided into study group (30 cases) and control group (30 cases). The control group was given only fluid replacement therapy and the study group orally given Ijin Granules (5 g) 3 times daily with the fluid therapy for 7 days. The effectiveness was analyzed between the two groups with PUQE score, QOL score, SDS score and the amount of intake. Results: After 7 days of the treatment the PUQE and SDS scores in the study group were lower as compare to the control group, QOL score and intake in the study group were higher as compare to the control group. The total effective rate of treatment in the study group (93.33%) was significantly greater than that in the control group (66.67%). Conclusion: Ijin Granules had a significant effect on nausea and vomiting, improved QoL and intake in pregnant women with HG, when combined with fluid replacement therapy, it promotes the healthy pregnancy.

Pre-Treatment of Flowers Extract of Abelmoschus manihot Medicus on Ischemia/Reperfusion Renal Injury in Rats

2025-11-04T05:47:03+00:00

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study is to provide a basic data with the use of flowers extract of Abelmoschus manihot (Linnaeus) Medicus (Malvaceae) (AM) as a herbal agent against renal oxidative stress. Methods: Pre-treatment effect of flowers extract of AM in rat with renal Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury was investigated. Renal I/R injury in rat were induced by clamping of the left and right renal arteries for 45 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion after administration of flowers extract of AM for 30 days. The effect of flowers extract of AM was evaluated through the measurement of renal function and the relevant parameters of oxidative stress. Results: Renal I/R injury led to renal dysfunction as evidenced by higher serum BUN and creatinine along with increase in oxidative stress in renal tissues compared with Sham group. Pre- treatment of flowers extract of AM decreased serum BUN, creatinine, and renal MDA levels, and increased SOD, CAT and GSH-PX activities in the kidney. Conclusion: Collectively, these data indicated that flowers extract of AM could be used as a safe and natural antioxidant for the protection of oxidative stress in kidney.

Case Report for Delayed Post-traumatic Hematomediastinum

2025-11-04T07:16:17+00:00

Hematomediastinum caused by mediastinal injury is often found to be difficult to diagnose until clinical presentation, and no cases of delayed onset have been reported. A 35-year-old patient who developed mediastinal hematoma 9 days after presentation was treated. Radiography and CT scan were used for diagnosis and hematoma was removed by mediastinal puncture.

Redefining ‘Normal’ in Human Physiology: Personalized Physiological Fingerprint

2025-11-04T05:46:59+00:00

What does it mean to be “normal” in human physiology? A blood pressure of <120/80 mmHg, a resting heart rate of 72 beats per minute, a fasting glucose of <100 mg/dL-these figures are enshrined in textbooks as universal reference points. Yet they are averages, not absolutes. For one person, they may represent good health; for another, an early sign of disease. The time has come to ask whether population-based reference ranges are enough, or whether physiology should instead be anchored in the unique patterns of each individual. While precision medicine, concerned with genomics, epigenomics, and proteomics is fascinating, its implementation remains a challenge![1] However, normal physiological parameters can be of great help! Read More....

The Cognitive Deficit Induced by Neuroinflammation is Linked to Autonomic Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2025-11-04T05:47:00+00:00

Dear Sir,

We wish to draw attention to the intriguing relationship between neuroinflammation, cognitive deficits, and autonomic dysfunction in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.

Neuroinflammation is the condition which refers to inflammation or inflammatory responses in the brain or central nervous system (CNS). The key components of neuroinflammation include microglial activation, astrocyte disruption, cytokines and chemokines overproduction, or damage of the blood brain barrier. Read More...